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-Pedestrian zones (also known as auto-free zones and car-free zones) are areas of a city or town reserved for pedestrian only use and in which some or all automobile traffic may be prohibited.

Europe

The term "pedestrianised zone" is used in British English, and most other European countries use a similar term (French: zone piétonne, German: Fußgängerzone, Spanish: zona peatonal).

The first purpose-built pedestrian street in Europe was the Lijnbaan in Rotterdam opened 1953. The first pedestrianized shopping centre in the United Kingdom was in Stevenage in 1959.

A large number of European towns and cities have made part of their centres car-free since the early 1960s. These are often accompanied by car parks on the edge of the pedestrianised zone, and, in the larger cases, park and ride schemes. Central Copenhagen is one of the largest and oldest examples: the pedestrian zone is centered on Strøget, a pedestrian shopping street, which is in fact not a single street but a series of interconnected avenues which create a very large pedestrian zone, although it is crossed in places by streets with vehicular traffic. Most of these zones allow delivery trucks to service the businesses located there during the early morning, and street-cleaning vehicles will usually go through these streets after most shops have closed for the night.

Informatiile de aici mi s-au parut interesante:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principles_of_Intelligent_Urbanism

Si am extras:

-Principles of Intelligent Urbanism (PIU) is a theory of urban planning composed of a set of ten axioms intended to guide the formulation of city plans and urban designs. They are intended to reconcile and integrate diverse urban planning and management concerns. These axioms include environmental sustainability, heritage conservation, appropriate technology, infrastructure efficiency, placemaking, "Social Access," transit oriented development, regional integration, human scale, and institutional integrity.

The PIU evolved from the city planning guidelines formulated by the International Congress of Modern Architecture (CIAM)

Principles:

1.1 Principle one: a balance with nature

1.2 Principle two: a balance with tradition

1.3 Principle three: appropriate technology

1.4 Principle four: conviviality

1.4.1 A place for the individual

1.4.2 A place for friendship

1.4.3 A place for householders

1.4.4 A place for the neighborhood

1.4.5 A place for communities

1.4.6 A place for the city domain

1.5 Principle five: efficiency

1.6 Principle six: human scale

1.7 Principle seven: opportunity matrix

1.8 Principle eight: regional integration

1.9 Principle nine: balanced movement

1.10 Principle ten: institutional integrity

Dintre care a 5-a cred ca ne ajuta cumva:

Principle five: efficiencyThe principle of efficiency promotes a balance between the consumption of resources such as energy, time and fiscal resources, with planned achievements in comfort, safety, security, access, tenure, productivity and hygiene. It encourages optimum sharing of public land, roads, facilities, services and infrastructural networks, reducing per household costs, while increasing affordability, productivity, access and civic viability.

Intelligent Urbanism promotes a balance between performance and consumption. Intelligent urbanism promotes efficiency in carrying out functions in a cost effective manner. It assesses the performance of various systems required by the public and the consumption of energy, funds, administrative time and the maintenance efforts required to perform these functions.

A major concern of this principle is transport. While recognizing the convenience of personal vehicles, it attempts to place costs (such as energy consumption, large paved areas, parking, accidents, negative balance of trade, pollution and related morbidity) on the users of private vehicles.

Good city planning practice promotes alternative modes of transport, as opposed to a dependence on personal vehicles. It promotes affordable public transport. It promotes medium to high-density residential development along with complementary social amenities, convenience shopping, recreation and public services in compact, walkable mixed-use settlements. These compact communities have shorter pipe lengths, wire lengths, cable lengths and road lengths per capita. More people share gardens, shops and transit stops.